Beyond restriction: Psychologically informed management of internet use in counter‐terrorism casework

Abstract

Background

Contemporary terrorist pathways are increasingly shaped online. In AI-mediated digital environments, exposure to grievance-based narratives, ideological reinforcement and social validation may occur without deliberate intent, challenging assumptions about agency, endorsement and risk within counter-terrorism practice. For practitioners supervising individuals convicted of terrorist offences, internet use is routine in case management. Yet, responses have largely prioritised restriction and monitoring, with limited focus on the psychological functions that online behaviour may serve.

Aims

To examine the challenges practitioners face when managing internet use in terrorism rehabilitation and propose a psychologically informed approach to assessment and intervention.

Materials and Methods

This conceptual article draws on psychological theory and practice-informed insights from applied work within His Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) Counter Terrorism Assessment and Rehabilitation Centre (CT-ARC) to synthesise evidence and practice.

Results

The article reframes internet use as a domain for psychological formulation, needs assessment and skill development, rather than solely risk management. It introduces the My Internet Use resource pack as a structured approach to supporting practitioner–participant conversations that identify the psychological needs underpinning online engagement and promote healthier, prosocial digital routines.

Discussion

A formulation-led approach enables practitioners to move beyond restrictive management by considering the role of online behaviour in identity formation, emotional regulation and disengagement, addressing vulnerabilities associated with extremist engagement.

Conclusion

As digital environments continue to shape pathways into and out of terrorism, psychologically informed approaches to internet use may strengthen rehabilitation by supporting sustainable behaviour change and reducing vulnerability to re-engagement beyond supervision.