Whose Turn is It? Evaluating Causal Relationships Between Terrorist Ideologies
Whose Turn is It? Evaluating Causal Relationships Between Terrorist Ideologies
Austin C. Barber Steven Chermak Joshua D. Freilich Jeff Gruenewald a School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USAb Criminal Justice Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York City, NY, USAc Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USAAustin C. Barber is a doctoral student in the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University. Barber’s research activities tend to focus in areas such as the following: terrorism/extremism, wildlife criminology, human trafficking, transnational crime, foreign policy, and national security. ORCID: 0009-0000-1038-3496Steven Chermak is a Professor of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University. Dr. Chermak’s research on rare events focuses on activities in the area of terrorism, ideologically-motivated cybercrimes, school shootings, and mass shootings. Recent research projects have focused on comparing the radicalization of violent and non-violent extremists, as well as identifying how extremists are similar and different from other violent offenders and school shooters. ORCID: 0000-0001-5210-1143Joshua D. Freilich is a Professor of Criminal Justice at John Jay College, and a Creator and co-Director of four open-source database studies: U.S. Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), The American School Shooting Study (TASSS), Risk & Protective Factor Database (RPFD) and the U.S. Extremist Cyber Crime Database (ECCD). Freilich’s research has been funded by DHS, NIJ, and other agencies and focuses on the causes of and responses to targeted violence, open-source research methods, and criminology theory, especially situational crime prevention. ORCID: 0000-0001-9538-8551Jeff Gruenewald is a Professor of Sociology and Criminology and Director of the Terrorism Research Center in Fulbright College at University of Arkansas. Dr. Gruenewald’s research examines the nature of terrorism, violent extremism, and bias crimes, as well as criminal justice responses to ideologically motivated crimes. Much of his recent work focuses on comparing risk and protective factor profiles across types of violent and non-violent extremists. ORCID: 0000-0003-4002-697X